How much does the farm consume. Bitcoin mining and energy consumption
With the growth in the value of cryptocurrencies in 2017, there was also a great interest in their production. Many people thought that mining is a goldmine in which you can get fabulous returns with just one investment. Actually, this is not true. In addition to the cost of equipment, it is necessary to provide for the cost of electricity.
The production of digital money is a very energy-intensive business. Therefore, you should not be surprised at high electricity bills if you have a whole farm of video cards or an ASIC device installed. The question of electricity costs is extremely relevant among newcomers. That is what we will talk about today. So, what kind of expenses await you if you start mining cryptocurrency and how global are the energy issues associated with the production of digital assets?
What is mining difficulty?
The vast majority of countries have not yet decided on their position regarding cryptocurrencies. Someone has already declared their readiness to work with them, and someone is preparing to drive them out of their territory, but in most cases there is no legislative regulation. Accordingly, there are no official statistics on electricity consumption.
Moreover, even in countries that already have regulatory mechanisms in place, energy companies cannot know exactly where the resource they provide is being used exactly.
The only way to estimate costs is to consider the difficulty of mining cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin has been and remains the flagship in this area - the oldest and most expensive coin at the moment. First, let's take a look at the difficulty factor itself. It is a number calculated by the protocol and attached to all blocks in the chain.
So, starting from 2018, the difficulty has already exceeded 1,600,000,000,000. One hash is a number chosen at random, in the range of 1 and 2 to the power of 256 minus 1. A feature of this concept is the impossibility of exceeding it with a hashrate.
Relatively speaking, for complexity, one can make such a comparison as darts, where it is the center. The smaller the red circle on the board, the more game projectiles are spent to reach the goal.
To calculate the average hashrate required to search for a block within 10 minutes, a special formula is used - D x 232 / 600, where D is the difficulty of mining cryptocurrency. In particular, with today's Bitcoin rate, the value will be 1.14×10^19 hash/s.
How much electricity is required?
Again, all calculated values will be very approximate. Simply because the farm and ASIC equipment from different manufacturers will consume different amounts of energy.
Consider, for example, Bitmain products. It is the world leader in the production of mining equipment for Bitcoin mining. The company's headquarters is located in China. Today, its market share in the technology for the production of Bitcoin is more than 70%.
So, one of the company's products is Antminer S9. It has chips made using 19 nm technology. The average chip performance is 4 terahash/s. At the same time, the miner consumes 1372 watts of electricity. The entire line of devices released before S9 is characterized by high power consumption.
If we divide 1.14 × 10 19 by 14 × 10 12, we can find out that today there are about 800,000 ASICs of this model in operation, “devouring” 1100 megawatts in total.
When analyzing the consumption of electricity for mining, it is impossible not to mention that the International Energy Agency does not use such units as MW or GW. They have another designation - MTNE, which stands for one million tons of oil equivalent. One TOE equals 11.63 megawatt-hours. The total electricity consumption on the planet in 2017 was estimated by the International Energy Agency at 13,647 Mtoe.
If we take MTOE as a unit of measurement, we find out that the Bitcoin network requires 9636 gigawatt-hours or 1100 megawatts, which is equivalent to 0.829 MTOE annually. This figure can only be taken as a minimum, but the indicative figures are just that.
It should be borne in mind that not everyone can afford to buy the latest miners, which means that real consumption is much higher. For example, the predecessor of the S9 model - Antminer S7 requires 1.5 times more electricity than its modern counterpart.
At the end of 2017, when there was a rapid increase in the cost of Bitcoin, the Antminer S7 ASIC remained profitable for work, because the price of the cryptocurrency covered all the costs of its production. Now it brings a small profit, and in the future it will be abandoned, which will change the energy consumption values.
What do the given numbers mean? Is it a lot?
As you know, everything in our world is relative, so you can only find out whether mining consumes a lot of energy or a little, only in comparison. Let's look at a few examples that will help make the numbers more visual.
So, the energy consumption of bitcoin is identical to the expenditure of half a million inhabitants of Canada, which is a developed country and has one of the largest economies in the world. If we take the lagging countries, the consumption of Bitcoin is identical to what is required for the entire Republic of the Congo. The network “devours” more electricity than 166 other countries on our planet.
However, it is possible to make a comparison, next to which the energy costs of Bitcoin will be negligible. For example, the energy used by the world's main cryptocurrency would be enough for only 19 hours of work to provide light to a country like the United States.
All the capacities of bitcoin with a huge margin could be covered by one thermal power plant in Taiwan - the consumption will be only 20%. The same applies to the Chinese Three Gorges hydroelectric power plant - only 30% of its capacity will be enough to supply energy. In 2015, Google required more power than the entire Bitcoin network last year.
Mining is a process that requires not only serious initial investments, but also subsequent financial support. And if you can update and upgrade equipment every few months, then utility bills will have to be paid every 30 calendar days. In this article, we will calculate what is the electricity consumption of a mining farm and how much you will have to pay.
Farm electricity consumption for mining on video cards
So, first you need to determine the composition of the farm and the devices that it includes:
- Video cards 8 pcs. (let's take a farm with 8 video cards installed) - 1200 watts.
- Motherboard 1pc - about 40 watts.
- Processor 1 pc. - about 100 watts.
- SSD disk 1pc. - about 40 watts.
- RAM 1 pc. - about 5 watts.
The total consumption per hour of the entire farm will be: 1385 W or 1.4 kWh. In terms of the daily electricity consumption of the farm for mining, we get 33 kW, and per month - 990 kW. The cost of one kW of electricity in Moscow is 5.40 rubles, and per day it will result in 178 rubles. Per month - 5 340 rubles.
And this is only from one farm for 8 video cards. If there are 2-3 of them, then the costs will be 15-20 thousand rubles.
Farm electricity consumption for ASIC mining
The electricity consumption of an ASIC mining farm is much easier to calculate. To do this, we need only one indicator - the consumption of the device itself. For example, for the Antminer L3+, the power consumption is 880 W, taking into account block losses. It will be 21.12 kW per day, and 633.6 kW per month. In terms of Moscow tariffs, we get 3422 rubles.
Of course, the electricity consumption of the farm for mining is far from the biggest cost item, especially against the backdrop of buying equipment and updating it, but it's worth remembering. Even if you have a profit of 500-600 dollars, then you will have to save about 20-30% of all income.
Large-scale cryptocurrency mining began in 2017. Of course, the first asics were released years earlier, but the circle of crypto miners was narrow and ordinary people knew little about mining. In just a year, the situation has changed so much that ASICs are now leaving the warehouses of manufacturers in batches for thousands of pre-orders. Prices for specialized equipment are rising, the power of each new model is growing, and with it, in many cases, energy consumption.
Of course, there is a tendency to reduce the power consumption of the ASIC with an increase in the hashrate, but the general state of affairs makes you sound the alarm. Now we will look at how much electricity an ASIC consumes and why mining can become an environmental disaster.
How much ASICs consume and why?
| ASIC | Algorithm | Hashrate | Power consumption, Wh | ASIC consumption per month, kW |
| BitFury B8 | SHA-256 | from 47 to 50 TH/s | 6400 | 4608 |
| Halong Mining Dragonmint 16T | SHA-256 | 16TH/s | 1400–1600 | 1008–1152 |
| Antminer S9 | SHA-256 | up to 14TH/s | before 1372 | 988 |
| Innosilicon A5 Dashmaster | X11 | up to 38GH/s | up to 1250 | 900 |
| Pinidea DR-100 | X11 | up to 22GH/s | 900 | 648 |
| iBelink DM22G | X11 | 22GH/s | 810 | 584 |
| BW-L21 | Scrypt | 550 MH/s | 950 | 684 |
| Antminer L3+ | Scrypt | 504 MH/s | 800 | 576 |
| Innosilicon A6 LTCMaster | Scrypt | 1.23 Gh/s | 1500 | 1080 |
| Baikal Giant-B | Blake2B | 80 Gh/s | 300 | 216 |
As you can see, ASIC consumption per hour is significant. When calculating the cost of paying electricity bills, it is worth understanding that the equipment will be connected to power 24/7. The last column summarizes ASIC electricity consumption for the month. According to the Moscow tariff - 5.38 rubles / kWh, the miner with the highest BitFury B8 rate will draw electricity for 24,792 rubles per month. In less than a month, it will “wind up” - 3099 rubles, but the profitability of these devices will be different. To calculate profitability more accurately, you should use the price per kWh for your region.
ASIC power consumption as a mining problem
We will understand the issue of ASIC consumption not from the economic benefit of ordinary miners, but from the position of the environmental situation in the world. In mid-December 2017, Leonard Wise, a mentor from a Hong Kong business accelerator specializing in blockchain startups, raised the topic of mining energy consumption on a planetary scale.
Cryptocurrency mining is not regulated by any legislation, there are no statistics and accurate data, therefore it is impossible to determine how much electricity on the planet is spent on mining cryptocurrencies per year.
In his article, Wiz calls the most energy-efficient miner - from the Chinese manufacturer Bitmain. Asic consumption is 1372 W with a hash rate of 14 Tx / s. It is this device that was taken to calculate the minimum consumption threshold. Considering the difficulty of mining and the performance of the Antminer chips, Leonard Wise calculated that the total power consumption is 1100 MW. This means that the Bitcoin network consumes 1/16,000th of the total global electricity consumption.
Bitcoin mining costs from 1100 MW, which is 9636 GWh or 0.829 MTOE (million tons of oil equivalent).
This data is the lower threshold, since crypto miners use many other models, and they mine not only Bitcoin. By the way, the processing and transfer of data to Google in 2015 took 2 times less electricity than Bitcoin mining in 2017.
If you look at the problem from the other side, then maintaining the operation of banking systems around the world requires no less resources, and these include not only electricity, but also printing checks, money on paper, and air conditioning systems, and maintaining collection systems.
In general, the high power consumption of ASICs greatly affects their profitability and payback. It is more expedient to mine, of course, if there is a “free outlet. Or if electricity rates in your area are low. But equipping an ASIC farm (more than 2 miners) at home is unlikely. To do this, you need to solve the problem of noise, cooling, load on the network, and also take care of the quality of the wiring.
Based on this, it is necessary to minimize the amount of these costs to increase profits and clearly understand how much electricity the mining farm consumes.
The consumption of one mining farm consists of the following components:
- motherboard, processor, RAM and hard drive - up to 100 watts;
- consumption of video cards depending on the power and mining algorithm - from 360 to 1500 watts for a 6-card rig;
- ventilation system - from 20 watts when using a simple fan to several kilowatts when using air conditioning systems.
Based on the high consumption of air conditioners, their use on mining farms is not rational. It is better to use powerful ventilation systems with good filters.
Approximate electricity consumption for mining farms with the most common cards when mining ether (per hour/month) with the most energy efficient settings:
- rig of 6 cards RX460 4 gigabytes - from 500/1550 watts;
- rig of 6 cards RX470/570- from 600/1860 watts;
- rig of 6 cards RX480/580- from 700/2170 watts;
- rig of 6 cards R9 290- from 1100/3410 watts;
- rig of 6 cards GTX1060 3 gigabytes - from 520/1612 watts;
- rig of 6 cards GTX1060 6 gigabytes - from 600/1860 watts;
- rig of 6 cards GTX1070- from 700/2170 watts;
- rig of 6 cards GTX1070Ti- from 760/2356 watts;
- rig of 6 cards GTX1080- from 800/2480 watts;
- rig of 6 cards GTX1080Ti- from 900/2790 watts.
When mining Monero, these values will be less, when mining coins on the Equihash algorithm and dual mining - more.
Video card consumption table
Due to the large spread in the power consumption of various video cards on different mining algorithms, let's consider the average values of consumption and speed of the most common video cards when mining the most profitable cryptocurrencies at present (at maximum downvolting):
| Serial number | Serial number | Hashing algorithm, speed, coin | Consumption, watt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | NVIDIA TITAN V | Ethash, 79 MH/s, Ether | from 180 | 0,43 |
| 2. | AMD RX Vega 56 | CryptoNightV7, 1.6 kH/s, Monero | from 220 | 7 hashes per watt |
| 3. | AMD RX Vega 64 | CryptoNightV7, 1.6 kH/s, Monero | from 220 | 7 hashes per watt |
| 4. | NVIDIA TITAN XP | Lyra2REv2, 77 MH/s, Monacoin(MONA) | from 220 | 0,35 |
| 5. | NVIDIA GTX 1080 Ti | X16R, 15 MH/s, Ravencoin(RVN) | from 120 | 0,125 |
| Ethash, 50 MH/s, Ether (with ETHlargementPill) | 0,41 | |||
| 6. | RX460 | Ethash, 13 MH/s, Ether | from 40 | 0,32 |
| 7. | RX470/570 | Ethash, 28 MH/s, Ether | from 70 | 0,39 |
| 8. | RX480/580 | Ethash, 28-30 MH/s, Ether | from 80 | 0,4 |
| 9. | GTX1060 3 GB | Ethash, 19-20 MH/s, Ether | from 60 | 0,33 |
| 10. | GTX1060 6 GB | Ethash, 22-24 MH/s, Ether | from 65 | 0,37 |
| 11. | GTX1070 | Ethash, 30-31 MH/s, Ether | from 90 | 0,34 |
| 12. | GTX1070Ti | Ethash, 31-32 MH/s, Ether | from 95 | 0,34 |
| 13. | GTX1080 | Ethash, 35 MH/s, Ether (with ETHlargementPill) | from 110 | 0,32 |
If high-quality downvolting is not performed with video cards, then the efficiency indicators can be lower than those indicated by about 30-40%.
Table of consumption of special equipment for mining
The most common ASIC miners have the following power consumption values when mining the most profitable coins currently:
| Serial number | ASIC miner model | Hash rate, algorithm, coin | Consumption, watts per hour | Efficiency, hash rate/watt |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Innosilicon A9 ZMaster | Equihash, 50000 decisions per second, ZCash | 620 | 80,6 |
| 2. | BITFURY B8 | SHA256, 50 terahashes per second, bitcoin | 6400 | 0,0078 |
| 3. | Antminer X3 | CryptoNight, 220 kilohash per second, ETN | 500 | 0,44 |
| 4. | Antiminer S7 | SHA256, 4.7 terahashes per second, bitcoin | 1200 | 0,0039 |
| 5. | Antiminer S9 | SHA256, 13.5 terahashes per second, bitcoin | 1400 | 0,0096 |
| 6. | Innosilicon A5 DashMaster | X11, up to 30-38000 MH/s, DASH | 750 | 50 |
| 7. | Baikal Giant X10 | X11/Quark/Qubit/Myriad-Groestl/Skein, up to 10000 MH/s, DGB-Qubit (DGB) | 630 | 15,8 |
How much video cards consume when mining Ethereum
The consumption of properly configured video cards when mining ether should be something like this:
Ethereum has been the most popular coin for mining for a long time. When mining this coin, the most important thing is to ensure video memory overclocking. Ethereum mining speed depends very little on the core frequency - about 0.5 megahash for every 100 megahertz. Therefore, the most optimal operating mode for video cards when mining ether will be to set the core voltage to about 830-850 millivolts for AMD cards and 650-850 millivolts for Nvidia cards.
- AMD cards(when measuring consumption only on the core using the GPU-Z program, the GPU only power draw parameter):
- RX460/560- 35-40 watts;
- RX470/570- 70 watts;
- RX480/580- 80-90 watts;
- R9 290- 140-160 watts (VDDC Power in value).
- Nvidia cards(when measuring consumption only on the core using the nvidiaInspector program, Power parameter) at a core voltage of 700-800 millivolts:
- GTX1060 3 gigabytes - 60-65 watts;
- GTX1060 6 gigabytes - 65-80 watts;
- GTX1070- 90 watts;
- GTX1070Ti- 95 watts;
- GTX1080- 110 watts;
- GTX1080Ti- 120 watts.
The real consumption values of video cards are 20-30% more than the consumption of a single core and are made up of memory consumption, losses in power circuits and the operation of coolers.
How to save on electricity for mining?
You can reduce the cost of paying for electricity consumed by the mining farm in the following ways:
- switch to a more economical electricity tariff, for example, install farms in a room that has reduced tariffs for consumers with electric stoves, electric heating, price reduction at night;
- conclude a direct contract with the power plant - the producer of electricity, which has excess capacity;
- create your own solar / wind power plant and use its electricity for mining;
- reduce the electricity consumption of mining equipment through the use of maximum downvolting, optimized software;
- move to more energy-efficient hardware with a more advanced process that consumes less power;
- switch to mining less energy-intensive cryptocurrencies (for example, instead of ether or ZCash, mine Monero), abandon dual mining.
How to set up a rig from video cards so that it consumes less electricity
Setting up a mining rig, consisting of video cards, to achieve maximum energy efficiency is to minimize the consumption of its components, including:
- video cards, as equipment that directly performs the work of carrying out calculations for the extraction of cryptocurrencies. Reducing the voltage on the core of the video card, in addition to reducing power consumption, reduces heating, which has a beneficial effect on the operating mode of the equipment and allows you to achieve greater stability in overclocking video memory;
- power supplies, as devices that ensure the performance of the entire mining farm. The use of gold-certified power supplies, in addition to ensuring high-quality voltage and equipment safety, allows you to save a large amount of electricity (about 15%) compared to power supplies without certificates and, accordingly, reduce costs;
- when replacing hard drives with SSD, you can not only increase the speed of loading the operating system and the operation of the paging file, but also reduce the power consumption of each rig by 5-15 watts;
- the use of more modern RAM (DDR4, DDR3L instead of DDR3), more modern processors can reduce consumption by 10-20 watts.
The biggest effect is to reduce the voltage on the core of video cards. The voltage reduction technique for AMD and Nvidia video cards is different.
For AMD video cards, when mining ether, it is best to set the core frequency in the BIOS to about 1150 megahertz and core voltage 840-850 millivolts, and the frequency and timings of memory in accordance with each specific sample. In Claymore's Dual GPU Miner and Phoenix Miner, this is done by adding the following parameters to the batch file to run:
Cclock 1140 -cvddc 840 -mclock 1980 -mvddc 840 where:
Cclock - core clock;
Cvddc - core voltage;
Mclock - video memory frequency;
Mvddc - voltage on the memory controller.
When using several video cards, the values for each of them are specified in the parameters separated by commas.
Each video card has its own characteristics that determine its ability to overclock when the voltage drops, the so-called ASIC-quaility parameter. Specific values of frequencies and voltages are selected experimentally to achieve the optimal ratio of frequency, voltage reduction and good stability.
Approximate frequency and voltage data for AMD cards can be taken from the OverdriveNTool program (can be downloaded at https://forums.guru3d.com/threads/overdriventool-tool-for-amd-gpus.416116/), which presents the frequencies and voltages recorded in the BIOS of the video card in the form of a table. You need to find the voltage value of about 850 millivolts (usually around the P2 value) recorded in the BIOS and see what the frequency of the graphics adapter is written in the next line (which is factory set to a higher voltage, in this case the P3 state).
As a rule, a video card can operate at this frequency and at a voltage lowered by 1-2 steps.
For a memory controller, downvolting doesn't provide much of a power efficiency gain, but sometimes downvolting the core won't work without setting the -mvddc option to a voltage similar to that needed by the GPU.
For Nvidia video cards, downvolting can be done using the MSI Afterburner program by setting a constant voltage of 800 millivolts and a lower core frequency, but it is better to do this using the program nvidiaInspector and run a batch file with the following content:
SET GPU0=-setMemoryClockOffset:0,0,210 -setBaseClockOffset:0,0,80 -setFanSpeed:0,%FAN% -lockVoltagePoint:0,%VOLT% -setTempTarget:0,0,%TEMP%
"nvidiaInspector.exe" %GPU0%, where:
- SET FAN - fan speed in percent;
- SET VOLT=650000 - voltage at the core of the video card (in this case, 650 millivolts);
- SET TEMP=60 – video core temperature;
- parameter -setMemoryClockOffset:0,0,210 - memory overclocking (in this case 210 megahertz);
- parameter -setBaseClockOffset:0,0,80 - overclocking of the video core (in this case, 80 megahertz).
When using several video cards, the values for each of them are written in the parameters in a separate line, while in the SET GPU0 parameter, the number zero means the serial number of the video card, starting from zero.
For example, for two Nvidia video cards, this file will look like this:
SET GPU0=-setMemoryClockOffset:0,0,270 -setBaseClockOffset:0,0,80 -setFanSpeed:0,%FAN% -lockVoltagePoint:0,%VOLT% -setTempTarget:0,0,%TEMP%
SET GPU1=-setMemoryClockOffset:1,0,250 -setBaseClockOffset:1,0,80 -setFanSpeed:1,%FAN% -lockVoltagePoint:1,%VOLT% -setTempTarget:1,0,%TEMP%
"nvidiaInspector.exe" %GPU0% %GPU1%
Cheap electricity for mining - regions
If it is possible to install mining equipment in regions with cheap electricity, a significant increase in profitability can be achieved. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account transportation costs, the availability of a good communication channel (with a small ping) with pools, the possibility of providing security, maintenance, and other options related to the remoteness of the equipment.
In Russia, the cheapest electricity tariff is in the Irkutsk region (about 1 ruble per kilowatt for the population), in Khakassia the cost of electricity for the population is 1.99 rubles per kilowatt. In Crimea, the cost of electricity is about 2 rubles per kilowatt.
Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Khanty-Mansiysk and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are quite profitable from the point of view of the cheapness of electricity - prices in them also do not rise above 3 rubles.
Installing rigs in these regions will make it possible to quickly pay for their purchase and get more benefits from mining.
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The billing month is coming to an end and it's time to take stock of the payback. For the miner, first of all, this is the cost of electricity. We will consider in practice how much a farm consumes on the simplest video cards, and I will also show how you can approximately calculate the power consumption in theory.
For mining, I have three video cards: two Radeon RX460 and one Radeon RX560. During this month, the Radeon RX460 cards were first on the same computer, but then I separated them and they were on different computers. This was done in order to test different video card modes, different pools, different cryptocurrencies. Radeon RX560 also stood on a separate computer. In total, I had 3 video cards and, in fact, 3 computers that drove them around the clock.
I also want to note right away that the stability of the work was extremely low. For the most part, this was due to used hardware, which hung up, rebooted, lost connection with the Internet.
This is how the graph looked like when the connection with one of the computers was constantly lost:
But at the testing stage, this turned out to be enough to understand one thing - mining is profitable. Even at such a low exchange rate, even on cheap video cards, even on used hardware. Next I will explain why. I actually did a mining stress test. I chose the most unfavorable conditions for mining and got down to business.
Now let's move on to numbers. The screenshot below shows two electricity bills. For May and July:
On the screenshot, I highlighted two points:
- These are two reporting periods (from 04/21/2017 to 05/24/2017 and from 06/27/2017 to 07/25/2017).
- The total cost of electricity for this very reporting period.
I only covered my personal details.
So we have two months. The first is before mining, the second is the month of mining itself (June is skipped because I couldn’t find a receipt for this month, but I assure you that it’s about the same as in May +/-). The amount in the first case is about 35 dollars, in the second case the amount is about 46 dollars (you can check for yourself, the exchange rate of Moldovan lei against the dollar is 1 to 18. That is, 18 Moldovan lei is given for one dollar). The difference was only $11. And this despite the fact that electricity in July has already risen in price by 3% approximately. And also considering that in July it was already much hotter - sometimes up to 4 fans work in the house at once. But let's stop at the amount of $ 11, since the conditions will always change.
$11 is 85 kilowatts in terms of kilowatts ($0.13 per kilowatt).
At the moment, a little more than 30 dollars have been mined, we will more accurately sum up the results after the 7th. But even now we can conclude that my calculations regarding electricity costs were correct - about 30%.
At the same time, I want to note again that for the purity of the experiment, the cards were not chased, the cards were on different computers, the cards were on different hardware, which did not always work stably (rather, even it worked 50 to 50).
In the future, the number of computers will decrease (due to this, energy efficiency will increase), the cards will be overclocked, and the hardware will be updated to the maximum new one to increase stability.
And still, even such an amateurish approach has shown that home mining, with the right approach, can be profitable.
Now let's go directly to the theoretical calculation of electricity consumption and then compare the result with what I got.
Here is a link to a site where you can choose, if not exactly, then at least the most approximate iron and get a calculation of electricity consumption. I tried to build one of the computers that mines:
After you enter all the data, click the Calculate button:
Here is the result I got from only one computer:
And if I counted correctly, then only one such computer should consume about 160 kilowatts per month. Two computers - already 320. Well, if three, then 480, respectively. Let it be 450 for good measure. But I don't even have that number. Even taking into account the fact that there are still 11 days until the 7th from July 27th, even throwing 30% will still not come close to such a figure.
But next month will show everything, as mining will already be more stable due to the purchase of another motherboard and raisers in case the motherboard glitches like the previous one.
Results: at the moment, the effectiveness of home mining has been fully proven by me. Now the task will be to increase efficiency and aim for expansion, since in my opinion the difficult period will pass and we will see an increase in the rate of cryptocurrencies.