Proper electrics in the apartment. Wiring diagram in the apartment, a competent approach

It is worth saying that the electrical wiring of any room is strictly individual. Therefore, we will consider the main points of installing electrical wiring in an apartment. So, first you need to enter the input cable into the switchboard. The electrical panel contains a device for recording electricity - an electric meter and protection devices - circuit breakers, ouzo, differential. automatic machines, etc. The electrical switchboard can be located in a niche (internal installation) or on a wall (consignment note). The most optimal placement of the electrical panel immediately near the entrance of the apartment hallway.

Optimal placement of the electrical panel immediately at the entrance of the electrical panel - wiring for the apartment

Video. The secrets of assembling the electrical panel and wiring in the apartment

You need to lay a copper wire with a cross section of at least 6 mm 2. The installation of the electrical switchboard is placed at a level of 1.5 m from the finished floor. This provides access to various devices for their inspection, taking meter readings and preventive maintenance. The operation of protection devices is optimized depending on the power consumption.

Hidden and open wiring in the apartment

Now most apartments use electrical wiring hidden under plaster. In drywall partitions, the wire is pulled in a special protective sleeve. External wiring in the cable channel does not look aesthetically pleasing; this method of laying the conductor is more suitable for office space. In the apartment, the cable channel is laid as an exception.

Wiring in the cable channel

To install hidden wiring in the wall, a recess of up to 2 cm is made. Such an action is carried out only when the wall is completely marked. Along with this, recesses for sockets and switches are made vertically above these installations, but not diagonally, in an attempt to shorten the path of the conductor. The conductor for consumers must be laid straight - perpendicular. Preliminary fastening of the wire is carried out using dowels - clamps, and after that it is plastered. An excellent option when the wire is pulled in a protective sleeve, but this leads to an increase in the cost of electrical wiring. The protective sleeve allows you to stretch the wires without disturbing the plaster in the future, if you need to replace or repair the wiring. Along with this, the use of a protective sleeve or pipe creates protection for electrical wiring.

Electrical wiring in a protective sleeve

Basically, for electrical wiring in the apartment, a copper wire in PVC insulation is used. The conductor must be single-core, it oxidizes much less along with stranded copper wire.
The installation of special boxes for sockets and switches should be flush in the wall and should not stick out, otherwise they will cause a lot of trouble when installing electrical installations. The fastening of the socket boxes is carried out using a mixture of alabaster or rotband.

Power lines should be laid, starting from the shield, which is installed at the entrance to the apartment separately for sockets and lighting. After that, electricity is distributed throughout the room through junction boxes. In the junction boxes there is a small supply of wire up to 10 cm for subsequent disconnection. It should be noted that this type of wiring has been used for a long time, and in most old residential premises it has been preserved to this day.

Junction box for disconnecting wires

Automatic protection for electrical wiring in the apartment

Modern analogues of apartments have several groups of power lines. In such a scheme, the installation of an RCD is mandatory, which will protect the family from electric shock. In modern wiring, more protection devices and wires are used, so its cost increases significantly. Such expenses are justified by increasing the level of reliability of the power supply network. Thanks to this wiring, independent lines are formed, which later lead to easy troubleshooting.

Wiring for electrical installations

Any of the rooms should be equipped with a standard type of lighting, which can be supplemented by local lighting in the form of a floor lamp, wall lamp, table lamp. Most experts believe that it is enough to use 1 outlet per 6 square meters. meters of room area. For computers and TVs, you can provide a block of sockets. In the kitchen area, homeowners have many different household appliances, which include a microwave oven, dishwasher, juicer, etc. therefore, it is prudent to provide a sufficient number of outlets and conductors.

The location of the switches is often determined not far from the door at a distance of 10 cm from the doorway and 90 cm from the level of the finished floor. The main thing is that when the door is opened, access to the switch is not blocked. The level of sockets should reach 30 cm from the floor level. Most experts recommend purchasing ceramic-based switches and sockets with copper contacts.
Immediately before the installation of sockets in the premises, it is necessary to determine their location, as well as the relevance of their installation, the cable laying route, the volume of wires, and the location of the junction boxes.

For optimal connection of sockets, a copper cable of the VVGng brand is used. This element is necessary for internal laying, as it is covered with special insulation that prevents combustion. The size of the cross-section of the wires in the cable is directly related to the results of the power of electrical appliances. Basically, this figure reaches 2.5 mm. It contains several cores in the form of a phase, zero and earth. In old building structures, where there is no grounding in the electrical distribution panels, a two-core cable (phase, zero) is used.

The geometry of the wiring in the apartment

It is always correct to lay electrical wiring in horizontal-vertical lines, regardless of whether it is in a cable duct or under plaster. But still, it is often possible to find wiring laid by the shortest path, arbitrarily. Such a trick is used for several reasons: due to the saving of electrical wiring, ignorance of the rules of electrical installation, negligence of the electrician, in order to save time and effort. Why is it so important to observe the geometry of the electrical wiring?

Scheme of incorrect wiring

They made repairs, rearranged the furniture in the house, decided to hang a new picture in the resulting space, outlined it, take a puncher, drill and get exactly to the place where the sparks fly out. Such a scenario is not contrived, this is a common occurrence, I myself once landed in such a place, although there was a choice to drill a centimeter to the left or a centimeter to the right. I had to correct the mistake and repair the damage.

So, improperly laid electrical wiring increases the risk of de-energizing part of the line one day. After a good repair, it is not always so easy to fix a broken wire.

The wiring rule for laying electrical wiring is very simple: where a socket or switch is installed, the wiring must go down strictly vertically to electrical installations. If you need to hang a picture in the future, the risk of damaging the electrical wiring is reduced to zero.

Wiring must be laid strictly vertically or horizontally

Such elements are laid along corrugated plastic pipes in order to protect against insulation damage during finishing. The laying route should contain only horizontal and vertical zone types. It is not recommended to use diagonal zones. In addition, cable turns and intersections with other cables must be made at right angles. The distance from the ceiling should reach a maximum of 15 centimeters.

Correct wiring diagram.

Vertically laid wires must be at least 100 mm away from door and window openings. Near the heating pipes, the laying should be carried out at a distance of at least 150-200 mm, at a perpendicular intersection, the electrical wiring should be protected with asbestos gaskets. Parallel laying near pipelines with combustible substances (gas) is carried out at a distance of at least 400 mm. It is also necessary to follow the sharp corners of concrete, metal parts and shrinkage of the building.

At what height from the base of the ceiling is the electrical wiring laid? Minimum 150 mm, (depending on ceiling height), i.e. the principle is this: if you plan to install a suspended or stretch ceiling, the wire must remain in the accessible area. If the new ceiling is lowered by 300 mm from the main ceiling in an apartment with high ceilings, the electrical wiring should be laid at a distance of 400 mm. You need to take into account such a rule even if you are not currently planning suspended ceilings.

How to lay electrical wiring in a panel house?

Most often, in panel houses, electrical wiring to sockets is laid in special technical channels not vertically, but with a slope, on average, under 45 0.

Wiring diagram in a panel house

If you need to move or lower the switches and sockets to another convenient place, it is enough to make a small recess in the panel to drown the wiring. If the previous place of the outlet at a height of 1 meter does not suit you, and you decide to move it lower, at a distance of 300 mm from the floor and slightly to the side, the principle remains the same - we lay it straight perpendicular.

Electrical wiring in a panel house

How to lay electrical wiring in the floor and ceiling

If a stretch or suspended ceiling is planned, the electrical wiring can be laid on the ceiling arbitrarily, in the shortest possible way, for example, the NYM cable does not require additional protection, as it has triple insulation and does not support combustion. The cable VVG, VVGng, is laid in PVC corrugation. The cable is fastened to the ceiling on the dowel clamps or special holders (clips) fixed in the corrugation.

Electrical wiring in the floor

Under a wooden floor, they are also laid arbitrarily, in metal-corrugated or metal pipes. If in a screed, then the wire is laid in PVC corrugation, arbitrarily.

There should be no junction boxes on the ceiling and in the floor, i.e. connection of wires and wiring of conductors should not be. All laid wires must have continuity, from the switchboard to the consumer or from the junction box installed in the wall to the consumer. If the box were in an inaccessible place, then in the event of a failure in the contact connections, it is impossible to eliminate the malfunction. Junction boxes must remain accessible for repair or maintenance work.

Corrugated ceiling wiring

Electrical safety during the installation of electrical wiring

It is also worth mentioning the safety rules when connecting sockets and laying cables. Most experts do not recommend laying the cable when it is energized. This is due to the fact that a person can get an electric burn or even die. Therefore, before working with the cable, it is necessary to check whether it is de-energized. This will require the use of a special device. To increase the level of reliability, the cable must be disconnected from the electrical panel. You need to know that all electrical work in the apartment is carried out after the mains is de-energized. And the wires are brought to power at the last stage. Such actions can be carried out independently, but for this you must adhere to the established rules. However, this work should still be entrusted to trained people.

Video. How to lay electrical wiring in the apartment?

Installing electrical wiring in an apartment is not as long and expensive as. This is due to the fact that there is no need to draw a line inside the housing, because. this is provided by the developer.

The cabling of the rooms consists of the following steps:

drawing up a diagram;
calculation of the amount of necessary materials and electrical fittings;
marking and chasing walls;
cable fastening;
installation of sockets, switches and junction boxes;
inlet shield assembly;
line tester.

It should be noted that today open wiring in the apartment is no longer used, so in this article we will consider installation work in a hidden way.

You can look at the entire cable suitable for such wiring on the website http://cable.ru/cable/kabel-dom.php There are detailed technical characteristics of each brand. Next, we will provide detailed step-by-step instructions for installing electricians from scratch, which is suitable for beginners who want to test their skills in electrics.

Charting

The wiring diagram in the apartment is easy to do with your own hands. To do this, it is recommended to use a photocopy of the housing plan, on which you can conveniently mark the installation locations of sockets, switches, lamps and other constituent elements. We described in detail how to draw up a wiring diagram before repair in the article:. We present the main points below.

The starting point of the scheme is the location of the switchboard in the apartment. Usually this place is a corridor, next to the front door, at a height of about 1.5 meters from the floor.

In apartments, it is forbidden to ditch load-bearing walls, as well as to make horizontal and vertical strobes. We will discuss this in detail below.
The route of the apartment electrical wiring must run strictly vertically and horizontally along the walls. This requirement ensures less chance of damage. For example, by the location of the outlet, you can find out exactly where the cable runs, so as not to accidentally drive a nail into it when you hang a picture. Ideally recommended before driving a nail with a special device. Please note that in Khrushchev and other panel buildings, the cable is laid in channels in the slabs. Due to the rigidity requirements of which, the channels can run diagonally.
The turn of the track should be carried out only at a right angle.
It is best to lay a line in the upper part of the wall, at a distance of 20 cm from the ceiling (this height will provide a minimum likelihood of mechanical damage and will not be displayed on the convenience of repair). It is also possible, and not the ceiling, using a special electrical plinth.
Switches in the apartment should be located at the entrance to the room, on the side of the door handle. The height of the switches is not standardized according to GOST and SNiP, but, as a rule, it is either 80 cm or 150 cm. According to the European standard, it is better to install switches lower, moreover, it will be more convenient for children to turn on the light if necessary.
Sockets are mounted at the bottom (20-30 cm from the floor), but if necessary, they can be placed at any height (for example, in the kitchen above the countertop). Recommended for 10 sq. meters of the room, install at least one outlet, and at least 1 outlet per room. In the kitchen, the number of products should correspond to the number of household appliances, at least 4 pieces are recommended. This is spelled out in SP31-110-2003 "Design and installation of electrical installations of residential and public buildings" paragraph 14.27. The distance from the attachment point to the door and window should not be less than 10 cm.
Each room must have a junction box.
Before you draw up an electrical wiring project in an apartment, carefully plan the location of household appliances and furniture. It happens that after electrical work, products can be covered with furniture, or cords from household appliances do not reach the power source.
The bathroom must have at least 2 sockets (one for connecting a washing machine, the second for a hair dryer). But read in the article "" about their correct location. In short, sockets should have protective shutters or be located in an area with the least chance of splashing.

By the way, speaking about the bathroom and kitchen, a modern solution is a water leakage protection system. It will keep your home and neighbors' homes from flooding during an emergency, or if you forget to turn off the water. So, at the stage of repair and installation of wiring in the apartment, to protect against leaks, you need to lay a separate cable from the shield. The connection of the control module to the AC mains must be carried out using a residual current device (RCD) or a differential machine with a trip current of not more than 30 mA. A popular water leak protection system is Neptun. You can read more about it in our review.

You will surely find these articles helpful:

Selection of fittings and automation

When choosing switches and sockets, pay attention to the method of their installation - internal or external. If you are going to install them in socket boxes, then you need to buy only products for internal installation. To connect the wires, you need to use screw or lever terminals (type), or sleeves. It is also possible to make the connection by soldering or welding, but in no case by twisting (prohibited according to 2.1.21). Therefore, you need to buy products for connecting wires with a margin.

Choose circuit breakers and RCDs from well-known manufacturers, from the budget segment these are IEK and KEAZ, and from the middle and upper ones these are Schneider Electric, ABB and Legrand.

Be sure to include 30 mA in your residential wiring diagram, which will protect against electric shock. It is recommended to install a separate 10 mA RCD for the bathroom. The value of the RCD is selected higher than the machine. Let's say if the machine is 16A, set the RCD to 25A. If the circuit breaker is 25A, the residual current device must be rated 32A, etc.

Not sure which cable to choose? So the cable must be copper. To conduct electrical wiring in the apartment with your own hands, you can choose a copper cable or. These are one of the most suitable brands of wires in the domestic market. For lighting, a cross section of 1.5 mm2 is chosen. and protect with a 10A automatic, a 2.5 mm2 cable is laid on the sockets. and put the machine 16A. For other powerful consumers, it is better to use a cable with a cross section of 4 mm.kv. and protect with automatic 25A.

If you want the electrical wiring in the apartment to be safe, put it in a shield that will protect against overvoltage in the network as a result, which is often observed in the old housing stock due to.

The shield assembly scheme can be as follows (based on it, simply select the components):

If the apartment is provided, the scheme will be as follows:

Wiring and requirements

The first and very important point that you should be aware of before starting electrical work is that in panel houses (Khrushchevs) most often it is impossible to ditch the walls in accordance with Decree of the Government of Moscow of February 8, 2005 N 73-PP “On the procedure for reorganizing premises in residential buildings on territory of the city of Moscow. Also, according to Government Decree No. 508 (Items 11.3 and 11.11 of Appendix No. 1), it is forbidden to ditch load-bearing walls.

In this case, it would be rational to conduct wiring through existing channels, the floor or under the ceiling (if a stretch or suspended ceiling is planned). The first and last option is preferable. If the wiring in the apartment is changing and it is planned to sheathe the walls with drywall, it would be an excellent solution.

Important! Chasing the ceiling in the apartment is strictly prohibited! The only option in which you can make strobes on the ceiling is, first of all, applying an additional layer of plaster to the ceiling, in which the cable will be hidden. This layer can already be carefully pierced without touching the monolith.

Those. the easiest option is to draw lines from the shield to sockets and switches along the ceiling, channels or floor, and then make vertical strobes and so-called wells for installing socket boxes.

Another important point that you should pay attention to if you decide to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands - noisy work are allowed from 9 am to 7 pm (except Sundays), while from 13 to 15 there should be an hour of silence! Gating refers to noisy work and can not only cause the anger of neighbors, but also cause a fine (from 1 to 5 thousand rubles for individuals).

Let's return directly to the laying of residential electrical wiring. As we said earlier, the length of the conductors must be bought with a margin. This reserve will be used to connect them to each other (on each side, the outer sheath of the cable is removed by 5-10 cm) and to connect sockets, switches, lamps (length reserve from 10 to 15 cm).

How to competently conduct electrical wiring in the apartment, without violating the rules, is described in the video.

If you buy an apartment in an old house or in a new building, electricity will already be installed there and sockets with switches will be connected. And before buying a property, you will not be able to influence their location in any way. But as soon as you become the owner of a home, you have the right to redo the wiring in the apartment with your own hands in a completely different way. Of course, this process is long, complex and costly. Trying to somehow save money, many are wondering - is it really possible to do all the electrical part ourselves in new housing? In reality, if you are not lazy, you studied well at school, you are friends with physics and electrical engineering. So the topic we have today is relevant - do-it-yourself electrical wiring in the apartment. Step-by-step instructions from drawing up a diagram to installing wires will help you.

The beginning of all work - scheme

I would like to start this section with an analogy. What is the basis for a good strong home? Of course, the foundation. So, a well-designed wiring diagram in the apartment is a kind of foundation for a reliable and high-quality power supply. Many people neglect this completely in vain, and there are good reasons for this:

Firstly, it will be much easier for you to install electrical wiring in an apartment when the final result is displayed on the diagram. Agree, it is quite rare when at the first stage of repair people can imagine what will happen in the end. And with an electrical circuit, this is possible, because all switching devices, lighting elements and stationary household appliances will be displayed on it.
Secondly, the electrical wiring diagram in the apartment will help you draw up a clear work plan - where to start wiring, in which direction to move, what to leave for the final stage.
Thirdly, when you have a ready-made layout of the electrical elements in the apartment in your hands, you can easily determine the amount of materials - sockets, switches, junction boxes, sockets, wires, cables.
And most importantly, when the installation and repair work is already completed, you will have a wiring diagram in the apartment. Do not throw it away under any circumstances. If you need to drill a hole somewhere in the wall for a picture or a photo frame, you will take out the circuit and see what the path of the wires is, so as not to run into and damage the conductive core. Also, many sometimes glue junction boxes with wallpaper so as not to spoil the appearance of the room. In fact, this cannot be done, but if you have already sealed it, you can always look at the diagram where the box is located. If you need some work, cut off a piece of wallpaper, get access to the box, and then glue it again.

We hope we have explained to you in a popular and accessible way that in the world of electricians everything should always start with a diagram. Now a little more about how to compose it correctly and what should be displayed on it.

Charting

Before you make a diagram, you need to get together with the whole family and think carefully about where the main consumers of electrical energy will be located in your apartment:

air conditioners;
electric hobs and ovens;
washing machine;
refrigerator and freezer;
dishwasher, microwave;
exhaust forced ventilation;
heating system boilers or water heaters.

Also, the location of furniture, especially bulky, plays an important role. So that it doesn’t turn out like this later - the repair is completed, the furniture is arranged, and the outlet was behind the closet, which had already settled in this place for many years. And then you have to resort to the help of carriers, only earlier it was possible to hide the wires even under the carpets, but now it’s not fashionable, everything is parquet and laminate. So pay special attention to this issue.

floor plan (click to enlarge)

Next, take paper (preferably in a box), a pencil (preferably several multi-colored ones), a ruler. Draw a plan of your apartment with door and window openings in duplicate on paper to make it easier to take a technical passport and transfer the drawing from there. Assign a serial number to each room, for example, if you have a wiring diagram in a one-room apartment, let it look like this:

Corridor (entrance hall, hall).
Bathroom.
Kitchen.
Hall (living room).

If there are more rooms, you can accordingly continue the numbering further - a bedroom, a children's room, a sports room, you also need to take into account the pantry, loggia (if you are going to run lighting wiring there), etc.

Now schematically display stationary household appliances and furniture in one drawing (in the form of squares and rectangles). You can designate household appliances in red, and furniture in gray. On the second drawing, mark the installation locations of switching devices. That is, where household appliances are indicated on the first drawing, on the second there will be sockets in these places.

Similarly, on the first drawing (where appliances and furniture), draw crosses in yellow in the places where lamps, sconces, floor lamps, chandeliers are installed. Here it will be convenient for you to see - where the bed is, there means a bedside lamp; where is a sofa or armchairs, then a sconce, under which you can read, etc. Then transfer all these light bulbs to the electrical circuit. At the same time, think over and mark the installation locations of the switches. Mentally imagine in which direction your interior doors will open so that later the switches do not end up behind them.

Decide right away, perhaps in some place you need to install a socket block (most often this is done on the kitchen work panel), whether you will have group lighting or a multi-track chandelier in the main room, then you need a two-gang switch.

Mark on the diagram the place where the introductory switchboard to the apartment will be located.

Examples of how to correctly draw up a diagram seem to have turned out to be accessible, we hope that you will not have any difficulties with this. Now let's deal with the amount of materials.

Necessary materials

According to the diagrams, calculate the required number of switches and sockets. Do not forget that a socket box is needed for each of these switching devices if it is planned to lay hidden electrical wiring in the apartment. Also calculate how many junction boxes you will need.

To calculate the amount of wire, it is best to transfer the switching devices and junction boxes outlined in the diagram to real walls. Then mark the walls, that is, in the literal sense of the word, draw wire paths between them, use a tape measure to measure everything and calculate the total number. Keep in mind that the wiring in the apartment is carried out strictly along vertical and horizontal lines, there should not be any oblique turns.

I would like to give one piece of advice. If electrical wiring is done completely from scratch in a three-room apartment with an area of \u200b\u200babout 60-70 m 2, then it is better to buy the wire with a whole factory bay, in which 100 m. In stores, this is considered a wholesale and there will be a 10% discount on it, and if you buy 98 m - this is not wholesale, there will be no discount, but take 2 m more and save a lot.

According to the experience of professional electricians, for wiring an apartment of three rooms, purchase 100 m of a three-core wire with a cross section of 1.5 mm 2 (this will be laying lighting wiring in the apartment) and 100 m of a three-core wire with a cross section of 2.5 mm 2 for powering sockets.

Powerful electrical appliances, such as a water heater or a hob, are usually powered by a separate line from the introductory switchboard through a separate machine. For them, it is better to lay a three-core wire with a cross section of 4-6 mm 2.

Another important nuance, do not forget to count the wire with a margin for cutting cores at the junctions and connections of switching devices. It is customary to leave a supply of wire for sockets, switches, lamps of at least 20 cm. If you plan to lower the ceilings in the future, then increase the supply of wire for lamps to 50 cm. Also leave a supply of wire about 50 cm for the assembly of the switchboard.

Distribution board

Do-it-yourself wiring in any apartment starts from the switchboard. What does he represent? This is a kind of box in which an electricity meter and all protective automation are mounted.

What are shields?

This box is made of metal or plastic. Each option has its own advantages. A plastic shield is more practical, as it weighs little, and besides, it looks attractive and aesthetically pleasing. The metal box is durable and reliable.

According to the method of fastening, the shields are of external and internal design. The outer shield (it is also called the bill of lading) is hung on the wall using self-tapping screws or dowel-nails. This greatly facilitates the work on its installation, but at the same time, this version of the shield takes up free space in the room. An internal or built-in shield requires the installation of a special wall niche, but it does not take up room free space.

What is the shield equipped with?

What else is needed for mounting the switchboard, except for the box itself:

To determine the number of machines, it is necessary to calculate and distribute the load in the apartment.

Modern electrician in the apartment includes a huge variety of different consumers of electricity. Agree that our homes are literally crammed with household appliances. Rules and regulations recommend that before wiring in an apartment, separate the lighting network and the line of sockets from different machines. But taking into account the current load on the apartment network, it is impossible to put all household appliances on one line. It is advisable to evenly distribute everything into several chains powered by separate machines.

There is a huge practical benefit in such a division. Imagine that the electrical wiring in the apartment is damaged. With your own hands, without calling an electrician, you decided to figure it out, find the cause and fix it. If each line has its own protection, you can easily find the cause of the emergency (determine by the disabled position of the machine). And while you are repairing the damage on this line, all other consumers will not remain de-energized, that is, the refrigerator will continue to cool, and the washing machine will wash.

for lighting load - 10 A;
for sockets - 16 A;
for connecting household appliances with a power of up to 4.5 kW - 20 A;
to enter the apartment - 50 A.

How to divide the total apartment load into groups?

Firstly, it is desirable to supply all powerful consumers of electricity with a separate line (washing machine, water heater, dishwasher, hob and electric oven, air conditioners).

Secondly, it would be nice to make the sockets of each room in separate groups (children's, adult bedroom, hall, office). If this does not work out, then in any case, kitchen outlets must be powered through a separate line and an automatic machine, because it is in the kitchen that the most powerful household appliances (bread machine, microwave, coffee machine, electric kettle, food processor, blender, etc.)

The power supply of the bathroom is necessarily carried out by a separate group, since it belongs to a dangerous room in terms of electrical safety (the so-called "wet" group).

The lighting of the apartment is allocated as a separate group, but it will be much more convenient if the lighting of each room is divided into groups.

The number of required machines and RCDs will depend on how you group the entire load of your apartment.

Wiring

It remains to decide what type of wiring to choose for your apartment. Today there are two ways:

Preparatory stage

According to your project, mark the wire paths on the walls. To get everything perfectly even, do it with a laser level or a stretched cord. There is a counter in the shield, and after it there are automatic machines for load groups. From these machines, the wires should come to the first junction box, and from there they will already disperse to all other rooms and rooms. Each room must have its own junction box at the entrance.

Mark on the walls the location of sockets, switches, junction boxes.

There is one caveat for the open laying method - the walls must be perfectly even so that the plastic boxes lie on the wall surface without distortions. In the case of laying on porcelain insulators, this is not necessary, the slight curvature of the walls will not be so noticeable.

For a hidden option, you need to make strobes along the marked lines using a strobe cutter or a grinder. You can use a perforator, but then the strobes will not turn out so perfectly even. The puncher is suitable for mounting holes for boxes and sockets, you only need a special nozzle - a cutter (crown) for concrete. If you do not have such an instrument, it will be very expensive to buy it, try to rent it.

Open wiring

Cut the plastic boxes according to the dimensions of the marked lines. To do this, use a construction knife or a hacksaw.
Fix the boxes to the wall surfaces. We do not recommend using glue or double-sided tape, such fixation will not last long. It is best to fix the boxes with dowels with screws.
Place the conductors in the boxes and close the lids. The ends of the wires remained led to the junction boxes and switching devices.

Concealed wiring

Clean the prepared strobes from dust, this can be done with an ordinary broom or vacuum cleaner.
Lay the wires in the strobes, it is recommended to first place them in corrugated pipes made of non-combustible materials.
Fix the electrical wiring laid in the furrows with alabaster mortar. First fix only in a few places so that the wire does not fall out. When you complete the installation completely and check the operation of the entire electrical network, then you will completely wall up the wires.
Bring the ends of the wires to the sockets and junction boxes.
Also, using a solution of alabaster, fix the mounting boxes and socket boxes in the prepared holes.

Final stage

Do not forget that before performing any work related to electricity, it is necessary to secure the workplace - remove the voltage and check for its absence.

It remains only to connect everything. Install sockets, switches, lights. Make all necessary connections in the junction boxes.

Apply voltage and check the operation of the entire system. If everything works correctly, you can close the strobes.

As you can see, do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment is quite real. We hope that the step-by-step instructions for drawing up a diagram, calculating the load, mounting the shield and wiring will help you do everything right. If in doubt, it is better to seek the help of specialists.

In a modern apartment there is a large number of various electronics and household appliances. At the same time, the power consumption of individual electrical equipment varies significantly. The state of the power grid is unsatisfactory not only in houses of old construction, but also in more modern ones, since it does not have time to fully cope with the influx of new electrical appliances. You should always have a power supply scheme at hand in each room of the apartment, and with a new purchase of household appliances, you should evaluate the change in load. The laying of electrical wiring is combined with repairs, since construction work is required here.

Laying electrical wiring in the apartment during the repair

Wiring Rules

High-quality electrical wiring can be done if you adhere to the following rules:

You need to create a new power supply project for a house or apartment. There should be a wiring diagram and a list of the necessary materials. The places for entering the supply wire from the network, installing the shield, junction boxes, sockets, switches, lamps, electrical appliances are determined. After that, it will be possible to make load calculations and select the cross-sections of the conductors.
The wiring is mainly carried out with a cable with copper conductors. The cheapest is VVG, with a non-combustible shell VVNng, with reduced gas and smoke emission - VVGng-LS. The following are used indoors: VVGng (LS) -3x6 (3 cores with a cross section of 6 mm 2) - for wiring in cable channels; VVGng-3x2.5 - hidden wiring for junction boxes and sockets; VVGng-3x1.5 - wiring to switches and lamps; PVS-3x2.5 - flexible wire for connecting electrical appliances. Each product has its own standards that reflect the technical characteristics.

Types of cables for electrical wiring in the apartment

Automatic switches: 25 A - for powerful electrical appliances, 20 A - for sockets, 16 A - lighting switching.
Separate lines should be laid to the following equipment: stationary powerful consumers (stove, washing machine and dishwasher, titanium), lines for sockets, lines to lighting.
The main electrical panel is installed near the input of the network cable, in an accessible and convenient place for maintenance.
The switches are located at a height of 0.8 to 1.5 m near the doors, which should not overlap or touch them. Sockets are installed at a height of 0.3 to 1 m, for reasons of ease of connection, in accordance with the interior and safety requirements. The norm is one outlet per 6 m 2. Their number in the room depends on its type (the maximum number in the kitchen is 5 or more). Electrical fittings are placed taking into account the future location of furniture and electrical appliances.
Sockets are located at a distance of at least 50 cm from metal products: pipes, radiators, sinks.
In the bathroom, the installation of a socket is allowed, but with certain conditions. Connection is possible only through a separate RCD with a tripping current of not more than 30 mA or an isolation transformer (possible together). It is recommended to make it hidden, with connection through the ground contact and without a junction box. In addition, all conductive elements of the bathroom are grounded, and the socket is installed at a distance of at least 60 cm from them and at a height of at least 130 cm.
Wiring is carried out strictly in vertical or horizontal boxes or closed channels. In the screed along the attic and interfloor ceiling ceilings, cables can be laid over the shortest distances.
The wiring should fit snugly against the base of the groove to make it easier to plaster. A single wire is fastened after 0.9 m, and a bundle of wires - after 0.5 m. The distance of horizontal cable routes from the ceiling and floor is 15-20 cm. The distance from openings and corners should be at least 10 cm.
Crossing wires should be avoided. If this fails, a distance of at least 3 mm is maintained between them.
Hidden wiring is recommended to be laid in pipes or corrugations, so that if necessary it can be replaced.
Branching is done through junction boxes. Switching the ends of the wires is carried out in the following ways: soldering, crimping, through lugs or terminals. The insulation of connections in terms of reliability should be no worse than that of whole cable cores.

The connection of copper and aluminum wires is done through a special terminal block.

During work with wiring, the electricity in the room is turned off.

Preparation of materials

The required number of cables, wires, pipes and cable channels, switches, sockets, distribution and mounting boxes, fasteners is selected. As the main tools, you will need a puncher and crowns for cutting sockets for fittings, a screwdriver and a set of tools for installation.

Ways of laying electrical wiring

There are only two ways to lay electrical wiring in a room: open and closed. When choosing them, you need to know the features of each, as well as the advantages and disadvantages.

When the laying of hidden wiring is completed, there is no access to it afterwards. It can be under a layer of plaster or any other wall and ceiling finishing materials, most often under plasterboard sheets. Its main advantage is that it is invisible and does not spoil the interior. The disadvantage is the impossibility of access, as well as the complexity of preparation and installation.

Open wiring can be laid on the surface of the wall and ceiling. There is always access to it. Usually it is in plastic boxes that do not support combustion. Here the advantages are as follows: the possibility of repair and replacement, there is no need for wall chasing and their subsequent sealing. The figure below shows open wiring in a wooden house, where the cables are laid in pipes coming out of the switchboard.

Open wiring in a wooden house

The inconvenience of repairing hidden wiring can be neglected if it is properly selected and installed, after which it can serve for decades. In addition, there are niches in the concrete walls for laying it, through which replacement can be made if they are not clogged with debris.

Hidden

The laying method is dirty and laborious due to the need to cut strobes in the walls and ceiling, as well as to dismantle the floor covering. Therefore, it is combined with a major overhaul. If at the same time it is necessary to use old channels, they also need to be freed from plaster.

With any laying methods, a wiring diagram is drawn up.

open

Open wiring is done when there is no other possibility. Its laying is done in boxes, cable channels or mounted on walls or ceilings with clips. In most cases, the wiring looks unaesthetic.

The plinth with a built-in cable channel is popular. The wires can be hidden without harming the interior, but their number is limited due to the small size of the plinth. Now skirting boards have begun to appear, allowing you to accommodate more wires and cables.

With high-quality manufacturing, retro wiring looks spectacular in the form of twisted bundles attached to insulators. The method can be applied in any room, including wood.

Laying instructions

The sequence of cabling around the apartment is as follows:

drawing up a diagram, calculating the cross-sections of the cores depending on the power of the loads and the amount of materials, the choice of protective devices;
marking walls and chasing channels and recesses for junction boxes, sockets and switches;
installation of an electrical panel, laying cables from the shield to the loads;
installation of electrical fittings, installation of electrical devices in the shield.

Charting

The scheme is made on the plan of the apartment, where the placement of wiring and electrical equipment is noted.

Wiring diagram in a two-room apartment

The scheme is required for the following reasons:

wiring changes or improves with any repair, if it is done with high quality;
if everything is not done according to the scheme, it is difficult to change anything in the future;
effective renovation is associated with a change in the interior, where electricity plays an important role.

The main indicator of proper wiring is the absence of carriers and power adapters on the floor.

The correct placement of sockets and switches in the room depends on the arrangement of furniture. Access should be provided to them and they should be placed at different ends of the room. The exception is the kitchen, where up to four sockets are concentrated near the desktop, and the office, where electronic equipment must be connected in one place. A double socket is needed near the TV so that you can connect various set-top boxes.

In the presented diagram, only 2 sockets are shown in the kitchen. Here they need at least five. The figure below shows a socket block with switches for a kitchen desktop.

Socket block in the kitchen

The more carefully the work is done to improve the wiring diagram, the less problems there will be in the future.

The choice of cables has already been mentioned earlier. The examples given refer to a typical apartment. Therefore, a more accurate calculation of the cross section of cores and wires for the actual conditions of their operation will not interfere. You just need to leave a margin of power in case you purchase new electrical appliances in the future.

Site preparation

The depth and width of the channel for the cables must be sufficient so that the wiring is placed under them and still covered with a layer of plaster with a thickness of at least 10 mm.

Under sockets, switches and junction boxes, you need to make recesses up to 50 mm in selected places with a perforator and a crown.

Horizontal grooves in load-bearing walls are prohibited, as this reduces their strength.

It is advisable to use the following spaces for cables in house structures:

Longitudinal voids in floor slabs. It is especially convenient to use the free space for laying lighting.
Laying wiring in the floor screed or under the floor covering. Here a corrugated sleeve is needed for each cable or wire.
On walls made of combustible material, wiring can be laid in corrugations, but it is better to do this in plastic or steel grounded pipes under sheathing of drywall sheets (GKL), plywood, LSU or GVL.
For complex cabling under ceilings, the possibilities of a suspended ceiling (stretch, from GKL or combined) are often used. It reliably hides all highways.
Free space between the boards of a wooden ceiling or floor. There is usually a heater there, but there is enough space for wiring in the pipe.
Free spaces of hollow partitions and structures. They are sheets of sheathing fixed to a metal or wooden frame. The wiring in the corrugated pipe is fixed on the crate.

Cable routing

The wiring is fixed in hollowed-out strobes with plastic clamps. The fittings are inserted into the recesses and fixed with alabaster solution. If there is an external gasket, cable channels are installed for it. The ends of the wires are connected according to the scheme.

The switchboard must provide wiring from the network throughout the apartment, protect it from short circuits and overloads, and people from electric shock. The figure below shows an apartment panel with a meter on top and circuit breakers on the bottom.

Switchboard in the apartment

It is better to choose a built-in shield design and place it in a convenient niche with a suitable size. Its dimensions must first be estimated by the amount of equipment to be accommodated, leaving a margin for the following connections.

The external cable is connected by electric service specialists, and the electric meter is connected by representatives of the power supply company.

Socket boxes and junction boxes are installed on the mortar in prepared recesses and holes. Then the ends of the cable cores are removed from them and connected to the sockets, which are then put in place and fastened with spacer tabs or threaded connections.

Installation of sockets in the socket

Lighting in each room is distributed evenly. It is especially important to do this when using spotlights. They are used for a false ceiling, behind which you can hide all the wiring.

The chandelier in the room is hung in the middle. Now it needs a ground wire.

Wiring laying. Video

This video tells about the features of the work of an electrician in terms of laying apartment wiring.

Any repair will be of poor quality if it does not include work to improve the wiring. You can do the work yourself if you follow all the rules for installing electrical wiring - from drawing up a diagram to the final connection.

High-quality electrical lines in an apartment or house are the key to reliable and safe operation. Without special knowledge and understanding of the processes that occur during the distribution of electricity, it is almost impossible to make them yourself, or, in extreme cases, not recommended. However, the services of professionals are now expensive, so many owners are eager to make their own efforts. We'll show you how to do it right.

home electrical network project

A design sketch of the location of cables, sockets and switches is a routine, but extremely necessary work. Without understanding the exact location, it is impossible to arrange a safe home electrician.

The details of the plan are as follows:

All apartment wiring is divided into groups. So, it is easier to mount, and the system will receive more security in case of an emergency. On the sketch, groups of wires are marked with different markers for convenience and are divided into lighting fixtures, sockets, junction boxes, power cables and emergency shutdown systems.
The "humidity" of the room is taken into account. For example, it is necessary to pay increased requirements to the home network in bathrooms, bathrooms and the coldest places in the apartment - hallways, window sills. There is a high probability of accumulation of condensate due to temperature differences in winter.
The machine responsible for stopping the current is located inside the apartment. Many switchboards are located outside of it, so you have to tinker to equip the control machine inside. Its installation is of great benefit - in case of overvoltage, it will not be difficult to provide an apartment with current supply.
The entire project is verified in advance, with accompanying provisions from the safety rules. Laying of wires is carried out strictly vertically or horizontally. Applying the length parameters is desirable immediately, so the orientation will go much faster. If there is no knowledge to draw up a quality project, then the document is acquired from specialists.

Methods for installing electrical wiring in an apartment

Until recently, the installation of a home electrical network followed one scenario - the wires were laid on top of the wall finish - wallpaper or plaster. To a certain extent, this was not evident, especially if twisted wire was used - some interiors only benefited from this, retro, for example.

Requirements: installation locations such as skirting boards, corrugated pipes are typical for this type of wiring. Do not lay power and lighting cables together.

Contact surfaces must be made of non-combustible material.

Concealed wiring is more popular. Cables are mounted in strobes - special grooves selected in the wall or located in suspended ceilings.

There are more requirements for the cable than for the open method. Among them: a strong wire body that can withstand not only power loads, but also the thickness of concrete, moisture, mechanical damage, and movement. Corrugation is used for laying - steel pipes cannot be laid in hidden channels.

Do-it-yourself wiring installation

Self-laying begins with the layout of the network, depending on the chosen method. The installation sites of the power unit and the wiring from it are marked.

Tools required:

Roulette, measuring and control tools - water and laser level. Laying must be carried out carefully, especially when it comes to outdoor installation.
Wire cutters. All bundles will be hidden in corrugated tubes.
It is not recommended to purchase metal ones; the wires are placed in a reliable insulating cavity.
Insulating tape for wire connections. Knife for stripping the ends.
Bulgarian. It is useful for removing strobes in concrete with a closed method. A chisel is purchased for it, which is convenient to work in soft walls - gypsum, foam block.
Plaster mortar for grouting. Therefore, you will need a tool for working with the solution - spatulas, graters, mixing containers.

The work will go on in a de-energized apartment, so you should take care in advance of having an extension cord from a live power cable - the wires are disconnected from the meter by connecting a temporary hut. Its length is equal to convenient movement around the apartment.

Installing the inlet shield

If the total voltage is outside the apartment, then only the installation of packet boxes is required - the RCD system (residual current device). It is usually located near the front door, closer to the ceiling. There should be two automatic machines - 16 A for domestic use and 10 A for lighting.

Shtroblenie

With a marker or pencil, places are marked for future laying of wires. They must be strictly vertical and horizontal lines of the floor or ceiling. Groove width according to the tight entry of the corrugated tube with a bundle of wires - it should not hang out. As well as the depth. A grinder makes cuts in concrete, and then a chisel or chisel is used to grind. The work is carried out carefully so that in the future the cable laying is tight.

In addition to strobes for wires, they are also made for socket boxes. This requires a special round nozzle. If it is not there, then along the drawn circle, concrete or gypsum is knocked out. The work is noisy and dusty, carried out only during daylight hours.

Cutting and laying wires

The length is calculated with a margin of 10-15 cm, so that the ends can be freely connected to each other. Further, laying takes place on the floor - a common cable bundle is inserted into the corrugation, which is inserted into the prepared thickest strobe. Branches will come from it.

A gypsum-based plaster is immediately prepared - it hardens quickly - and little by little, the strobe is closed. Breaks are made every 50 cm, so that the solution has time to set. The ends of the power cable are inserted through the bag into a common shield. Knowledge is required here, so an electrician does the work at this stage. In addition, independent actions are fraught with fines from the resource supplying organization. Call the master for a short time, but less hassle.

Installation of sockets and switches

After the finishing is completed - the strobe is plastered, only the ends of the wires for sockets and the installation of switches look out of the walls, they proceed to their device.

There are several important rules, the observance of which will increase the safety of the home electrical network:

There should not be sockets near the floor. Calculation for sudden flooding or evaporation of condensate. Low installed ones are more likely to get damp and short out. Therefore, a distance of up to 10 cm is taken into account immediately when laying the strobe.
The height of the switches has no regulation. However, for a family with small children, this is taken into account - a child at a tender age should not independently reach the subject of interest to him. The height of the student and the free position of the raised hand are taken into account.
Do not install conductive devices near "wet" sources - bathtubs, sinks. The minimum distance on the kitchen apron is 50 cm, in the bathroom - 2.5 m. This rule also applies to "hot" spots - water heaters, gas stoves, ovens and other similar places. The reason is the melting of the insulation with the release of toxic gas.
When buying, carefully inspect the offered product - sockets and switches must be completely isolated, otherwise there will be no security. Moving parts are securely fastened. It is good to ask about the availability of a quality certificate.
Installation of sockets and switches also goes in two ways - hidden and external. The first one is distinguished by special boxes where elements are inserted. The second is ordinary, plastic models are glued or screwed to the wire outlet.

To make your home equipped with high-quality wiring, you should carefully consider the following:

Replacing the wiring is planned before the repair and preparation of the walls. As can be seen from the written, this is laborious work, therefore, it is not advisable to carry it out after the walls have received the finishing cladding.
Wiring should be planned with full accounting of household appliances. You can't even leave one wall empty. It is quite possible that the idea will come to rearrange the furniture and equipment and the points from where safe food is possible will not be there. A large number of extension cords leads to accidents and injuries.
Built-in lamps should have simple controls, so the laying scheme is agreed with professionals in advance. Installation of a suspended or stretch ceiling is an expensive pleasure and reworking a failed device will cost a tidy sum.
It is better to give preference to copper wire than aluminum. Its service life is greatly reduced. In addition, even a new cable is brittle, which is why microcracks appear on its surface during manual installation. Over time, under load and constant temperature changes, they will grow, and the cable will cease to function, which will require its complete replacement.
Wiring is best with minimal connections. Spikes and twists will quickly fail the entire cable. Special boxes embedded in the walls save from overheating in these places.

The last "parting word" - if there is no understanding and ability to handle dangerous elements, it's not worth the risk. This is fraught with accidents during installation or operation in the future. Professional work is not cheap, but as a bonus, it offers a guarantee that will provide your life with comfort for many years to come.

Video on the installation of electrical wiring with your own hands in the apartment

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